Preheat and prep the peppers: Heat the oven to 375°F (190°C). Slice the tops off the peppers and remove seeds and membranes.
If they don’t stand upright, shave a thin slice off the bottom to level them.
Par-roast the peppers: Rub the peppers with 1 tablespoon olive oil and a pinch of salt. Place in a baking dish and bake for 12–15 minutes to soften slightly. This helps them cook evenly and stay tender.
Cook the aromatics: While the peppers bake, heat the remaining 1 tablespoon olive oil in a large skillet over medium heat.
Add onion and cook 3–4 minutes until softened. Stir in garlic and cook 30 seconds until fragrant.
Brown the beef: Add the ground beef, breaking it up with a spatula. Cook until no longer pink, about 5–7 minutes.
Drain excess fat if needed, leaving a little for flavor.
Season the filling: Stir in tomato paste and cook 1 minute to caramelize slightly. Add salsa, chili powder, cumin, smoked paprika, oregano, cayenne (if using), and a good pinch of salt and pepper. Simmer 2–3 minutes until thick and well combined.
Add cheese: Remove from heat and stir in half of the shredded cheese (about 1/2 cup).
This binds the filling and keeps it juicy.
Stuff the peppers: Spoon the beef mixture into the par-roasted peppers, packing it in gently and mounding the tops.
Bake: Sprinkle the remaining cheese over the stuffed peppers. Return to the oven and bake 12–15 minutes, until the cheese is melted and bubbly and the peppers are fork-tender.
Finish and serve: Let cool 5 minutes. Top with cilantro, avocado, and a dollop of sour cream if you like.
Serve with lime wedges for a bright finish.